CAO Group v. GD-Whitening: $1.65M Default Judgment for Willful Patent Infringement
CAO Group, Inc. secured a $1,650,000 default judgment and permanent injunction against Chinese e-commerce seller GD-Whitening after the defendant failed to appear in the Northern District of Illinois. The court found willful infringement of five dental whitening strip patents and ordered treble damages, with third-party payment processors including Amazon Pay, PayPal, and Payoneer directed to release frozen funds to the plaintiff.
Five-Patent Default Win Targets Cross-Border Teeth Whitening Sales
CAO Group, Inc., a dental technology company and holder of five U.S. patents covering teeth whitening strip technology, filed suit in the Northern District of Illinois in June 2024 against GD-Whitening — formally identified as Zhuhai Jiashu Dianzishangwu Youxiangongsi, also operating as GD-SSS — for willful patent infringement. The asserted patents (US10603259B2, US10646419B2, US11219582B2, US11826444B2, and US11826445B2) collectively cover compositions, formulations, and methods of use for dental whitening strips, including the Gloridea and Sheer White! product lines.
GD-Whitening, an e-commerce seller operating storefronts on Amazon, eBay, and Walmart, failed to answer or appear at any stage of the proceedings. The court entered a default and, on August 6, 2025, issued a default judgment granting CAO Group’s motion in full. The court awarded $500,000 in reasonable royalty damages, $50,000 in expected transaction costs associated with hypothetical licensing negotiations, and then trebled both figures under 35 U.S.C. § 284 for willful infringement — yielding a total award of $1,650,000. A permanent injunction was also entered against the defendant and any third parties with notice of the order.
The 412-day resolution reflects the procedural efficiency typical of default judgment proceedings, where defendant non-appearance accelerates the timeline significantly relative to contested patent cases. The court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over a Chinese entity — based on targeted U.S. e-commerce activity and documented sales to Illinois residents — is consistent with the ‘Schedule A’ enforcement model now widely used in the Northern District of Illinois. What remains unknown from the public record is the extent to which frozen marketplace funds will satisfy the $1,650,000 judgment, and whether CAO Group will pursue supplemental collection proceedings against additional seller aliases.
Filing to Default Judgment in 412 days
412 days from filing to default judgment — faster than median N.D. Illinois IP resolution
Default judgment entered: what the ruling means for both parties
Default judgment: allegations deemed admitted by non-appearance
When a defendant fails to answer or appear, the court may enter a default and subsequently a default judgment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 55. All factual allegations in the complaint are deemed admitted. Here, the court found willful infringement on all five patent counts, triggering treble damages under 35 U.S.C. § 284. This is not a merits determination in the traditional sense — the defendant simply forfeited its right to contest liability.
Rule 55 default — all counts admittedCAO Group secures $1.65M award and permanent marketplace injunction
CAO Group obtained the maximum available relief: treble damages totalling $1,650,000, a permanent injunction binding the defendant and all downstream marketplace operators, and authority to pursue supplemental collection proceedings. Third-party payment processors are ordered to release frozen funds within 14 days. The judgment reinforces CAO Group’s ability to use the ‘Schedule A’ enforcement model against offshore e-commerce infringers across multiple marketplace platforms simultaneously.
Full relief granted — permanent injunctionGD-Whitening faces $1.65M judgment and frozen marketplace accounts
By failing to appear, GD-Whitening forfeited all defences — including any validity or non-infringement arguments — and is now subject to a permanent injunction affecting its Amazon, eBay, and Walmart storefronts. Funds held by Amazon Pay, PayPal, Payoneer, and Walmart are frozen and ordered released to CAO Group. The willful infringement finding, while by default, may affect the defendant’s ability to operate under alternative seller aliases given the court’s supplemental proceedings authority.
Accounts frozen — funds to be releasedSchedule A enforcement raises stakes for marketplace teeth whitening sellers
This judgment is part of a broader CAO Group enforcement campaign (see related case 1:24-cv-01211), consistent with the N.D. Illinois’s well-established ‘Schedule A’ model for targeting multiple e-commerce infringers. For dental whitening product sellers operating on U.S. marketplaces, the case signals that CAO Group is actively monitoring cross-border sales and pursuing treble damages with payment-freezing injunctions. Sellers sourcing or reselling whitening strip products should assess exposure against CAO Group’s five-patent portfolio before listing on U.S. platforms.
Cross-border enforcement — e-commerce riskFull party and counsel information
| Role | Name | Type | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plaintiff | CAO Group, Inc. | Company | Dental technology company — holder of US10603259B2 and four related whitening strip patentsSearch in Eureka ↗ |
| Defendant | GD-Whitening | Individual | Chinese e-commerce seller operating whitening strip storefronts on Amazon, eBay, and WalmartSearch in Eureka ↗ |
| Plaintiff counsel | Benjamin Adam Campbell | Attorney | Counsel for CAO Group, Inc.Search in Eureka ↗ |
| Plaintiff counsel | Edward L. Bishop | Attorney | Counsel for CAO Group, Inc.Search in Eureka ↗ |
| Plaintiff counsel | Nicholas S. Lee | Attorney | Counsel for CAO Group, Inc.Search in Eureka ↗ |
| Plaintiff counsel | Sameeul Haque | Attorney | Counsel for CAO Group, Inc.Search in Eureka ↗ |
| Plaintiff law firm | Bishop Diehl & Lee, Ltd. | Law Firm | Representing CAO Group, Inc.Search in Eureka ↗ |
| Plaintiff law firm | Dickinson Wright PLLC | Law Firm | Representing CAO Group, Inc.Search in Eureka ↗ |
| Defendant counsel | Dan Yao | Attorney | Counsel for GD-WhiteningSearch in Eureka ↗ |
| Defendant counsel | Dustin Lee Taylor | Attorney | Counsel for GD-WhiteningSearch in Eureka ↗ |
| Defendant counsel | Samantha R. Sweet | Attorney | Counsel for GD-WhiteningSearch in Eureka ↗ |
| Defendant law firm | HUSCH BLACKWELL LLP | Law Firm | Representing GD-WhiteningSearch in Eureka ↗ |
| Defendant law firm | Yao Legal Group LLC | Law Firm | Representing GD-WhiteningSearch in Eureka ↗ |
| Presiding judge | Judge Thomas M. Durkin | Judge | Illinois Northern District CourtSearch in Eureka ↗ |
Official order — verbatim text
The default judgment encompasses all five patent infringement counts with a willful infringement finding, triggering mandatory treble damages under 35 U.S.C. § 284. The court’s damages calculation reflects a two-tier structure: reasonable royalty ($500,000) plus expected hypothetical licensing transaction costs ($50,000), both trebled to $1,650,000. Because the judgment is entered by default rather than on the merits, GD-Whitening’s failure to contest claim construction, validity, or non-infringement means no authoritative ruling on those questions exists — the judgment is binding on the defendant but does not preclude different outcomes in future contested proceedings involving the same patents.
US10603259B2 — Dental teeth whitening strip compositions and methods
The five asserted patents — US10603259B2, US10646419B2, US11219582B2, US11826444B2, and US11826445B2 — form a layered portfolio covering dental teeth whitening strip technology. The earliest application (US15/488293, underlying the ‘259 patent) dates to 2017, with the portfolio extending through application filings as recent as 2022 (US18/049843). The patents collectively cover the compositions of whitening agents, strip formulations, and methods of applying and using whitening treatments, consistent with CAO Group’s Sheer White! product line.
CAO Group’s portfolio construction — spanning five patents across a five-year filing window — suggests a deliberate effort to maintain layered protection as whitening strip technology evolved. For competitors in the dental consumer products space, the portfolio presents a significant freedom-to-operate challenge: a design-around addressing composition claims may still be captured by method-of-use claims in later-filed patents. The enforcement campaign against GD-Whitening, coordinated with at least one parallel Schedule A case (1:24-cv-01211), indicates active monetisation of this portfolio against e-commerce channels.
Should you run an FTO against US10603259B2 and the CAO Group whitening portfolio?
Any company manufacturing, importing, or reselling teeth whitening strip products for the U.S. market — including private-label sellers, contract manufacturers, and online marketplace vendors — should assess their exposure against all five CAO Group patents before listing or shipping products. The portfolio covers not just compositions but methods of use, meaning that even reformulated strips may infringe if the application method or treatment protocol overlaps with the claimed inventions. Given CAO Group’s active enforcement posture, the risk of being swept into a Schedule A action is material.
PatSnap Eureka’s FTO Search Agent can map your whitening strip product’s technical features against the claim sets of all five CAO Group patents simultaneously, identifying overlap and potential design-around pathways. Eureka also surfaces the broader prior art landscape, helping assess invalidity arguments should any of the five patents be asserted against you. For in-house IP teams advising product or sourcing teams, an Eureka FTO report provides the documented due diligence needed to support business decisions on U.S. marketplace entry.
Run a freedom-to-operate analysis on US10603259B2 to assess your product’s exposure
Run FTO in Eureka →Similar dental technology patent cases in N.D. Illinois e-commerce enforcement
These cases involve dental and consumer health patent enforcement in the Northern District of Illinois, using Schedule A e-commerce complaint structures similar to CAO Group v. GD-Whitening.
Related patent case — similar technology
Comparable case in the same technology domain. Patent holder and defendant reached resolution after proceedings.
SettledRelated infringement action — same court
Comparable Gloridea Teeth Whitening Strips-adjacent infringement action. Patent enforcement dynamics analysed in depth.
Active · District CourtRelated invalidity challenge — appellate outcome
Combined invalidity and infringement action in the same technology space. Decided after substantive proceedings.
DecidedCAO Group, Inc.’s broader IP enforcement history
CAO Group, Inc.’s full litigation history covering prior enforcement, licensing activity, and inter partes review proceedings.
Portfolio viewWhat this case signals for the dental technology IP landscape
CAO Group’s coordinated enforcement strategy demonstrates how U.S. patent holders are using default judgments to extract maximum damages from non-appearing offshore e-commerce sellers.
Treble damages are the default outcome when defendants don’t appear
The court awarded treble damages without a separate willfulness finding on the merits — non-appearance itself supported the willful infringement finding. For patent holders pursuing offshore e-commerce infringers, this suggests that filing in N.D. Illinois with a Schedule A complaint structure, combined with preliminary injunction and asset freeze, can yield maximum statutory damages with minimal litigation cost.
Payment processor freezes are the real enforcement lever
The practical value of this judgment lies in the simultaneous freeze of funds held by Amazon Pay, eBay, PayPal, Payoneer, and Walmart. Even where offshore defendants are otherwise judgment-proof, restrained marketplace funds provide immediate partial recovery. IP teams monitoring cross-border dental product infringement should consider whether target sellers hold material U.S. marketplace balances before deciding on enforcement strategy.
CAO Group’s five-patent wall creates a high invalidity challenge bar
With five granted patents spanning compositions, formulations, and methods (filing dates 2017–2022), CAO Group has built overlapping coverage that any future challenger must address in full. A single IPR petition may be insufficient. Competitors and marketplace sellers should map product features against all five patents before assuming a design-around on any single claim eliminates infringement risk.
Supplemental proceedings authority extends enforcement beyond this defendant
The court expressly granted CAO Group authority to commence Rule 69 supplemental proceedings and to serve additional seller aliases by email. This means the judgment functions as a standing enforcement tool — new storefronts operating under related aliases can be swept in without fresh litigation. Sellers sharing infrastructure, payment accounts, or supply chains with GD-Whitening face elevated risk of being drawn into supplemental collection.
CAO v GD-Whitening — key questions answered
CAO Group asserted five U.S. patents: US10603259B2, US10646419B2, US11219582B2, US11826444B2, and US11826445B2. All five cover aspects of dental teeth whitening strip technology, including compositions, formulations, and methods of use. The court found willful infringement on all five counts in the August 2025 default judgment.
The court awarded CAO Group a total of $1,650,000. This comprised $500,000 in reasonable royalty damages and $50,000 in expected transaction costs (hypothetical licensing negotiations), both trebled under 35 U.S.C. § 284 for willful infringement. Payment processors including Amazon Pay, PayPal, Payoneer, and Walmart were ordered to release frozen funds within 14 days.
Schedule A cases are a complaint structure used in the N.D. Illinois where a patent holder identifies multiple e-commerce infringers on a schedule attached to the complaint, often targeting offshore sellers operating on Amazon, eBay, or Walmart. In this case, CAO Group used this model to pursue GD-Whitening alongside a related action (1:24-cv-01211), obtaining preliminary injunctions, asset freezes, and ultimately a default judgment when the defendant failed to appear.
The permanent injunction bars GD-Whitening, its agents, and all persons acting in concert from making, using, selling, or importing infringing products. It also requires Amazon, eBay, Walmart, and other third-party marketplace providers to disable the defendant’s storefronts and cease displaying associated advertisements within seven days of notice. The injunction extends to any online marketplace accounts used to sell infringing goods.
A defaulting defendant may move to set aside a default judgment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) if it can demonstrate good cause, a meritorious defence, and lack of prejudice to the plaintiff. However, the threshold is high, particularly where service was properly effected and the defendant had actual or constructive notice. Given that the court found service by email and marketplace notice to be constitutionally sufficient, any motion to vacate would face significant procedural hurdles.
Are your whitening strip products clear of the CAO Group patent portfolio?
CAO Group is actively enforcing five patents across U.S. e-commerce channels with treble damages and payment freezes. Run a freedom-to-operate search on PatSnap Eureka now to identify claim overlap and monitor new enforcement actions before they affect your marketplace listings.
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