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CAO Group v. GD-Whitening: Teeth Whitening Patent Default Judgment | PatSnap
Explore in Eureka
Case ID1:24-cv-05129
FiledJun 2024
ClosedAug 2025
Patent Litigation

CAO Group v. GD-Whitening: $1.65M Default Judgment for Willful Patent Infringement

CAO Group, Inc. secured a $1,650,000 default judgment and permanent injunction against Chinese e-commerce seller GD-Whitening after the defendant failed to appear in the Northern District of Illinois. The court found willful infringement of five dental whitening strip patents and ordered treble damages, with third-party payment processors including Amazon Pay, PayPal, and Payoneer directed to release frozen funds to the plaintiff.

Resolution time
412days
412 days from filing to default judgment — faster than median N.D. Illinois IP resolution
Patents asserted
5
US10603259B2 and 4 further patents asserted — dental teeth whitening strip technology
Outcome
Default Judgment
Plaintiff wins on all five counts; defendant failed to answer or appear
Cost ruling
$1,650,000
Treble damages awarded under 35 U.S.C. § 284 for willful infringement
Published by PatSnap Insights Team · Verified by PatSnap Eureka Data
Case overview

Five-Patent Default Win Targets Cross-Border Teeth Whitening Sales

CAO Group, Inc., a dental technology company and holder of five U.S. patents covering teeth whitening strip technology, filed suit in the Northern District of Illinois in June 2024 against GD-Whitening — formally identified as Zhuhai Jiashu Dianzishangwu Youxiangongsi, also operating as GD-SSS — for willful patent infringement. The asserted patents (US10603259B2, US10646419B2, US11219582B2, US11826444B2, and US11826445B2) collectively cover compositions, formulations, and methods of use for dental whitening strips, including the Gloridea and Sheer White! product lines.

GD-Whitening, an e-commerce seller operating storefronts on Amazon, eBay, and Walmart, failed to answer or appear at any stage of the proceedings. The court entered a default and, on August 6, 2025, issued a default judgment granting CAO Group’s motion in full. The court awarded $500,000 in reasonable royalty damages, $50,000 in expected transaction costs associated with hypothetical licensing negotiations, and then trebled both figures under 35 U.S.C. § 284 for willful infringement — yielding a total award of $1,650,000. A permanent injunction was also entered against the defendant and any third parties with notice of the order.

The 412-day resolution reflects the procedural efficiency typical of default judgment proceedings, where defendant non-appearance accelerates the timeline significantly relative to contested patent cases. The court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over a Chinese entity — based on targeted U.S. e-commerce activity and documented sales to Illinois residents — is consistent with the ‘Schedule A’ enforcement model now widely used in the Northern District of Illinois. What remains unknown from the public record is the extent to which frozen marketplace funds will satisfy the $1,650,000 judgment, and whether CAO Group will pursue supplemental collection proceedings against additional seller aliases.

Case at a glance
Case no.1:24-cv-05129
DefendantGD-Whitening
CourtIllinois Northern
JudgeThomas M. Durkin
FiledJune 20, 2024
ClosedAugust 6, 2025
Duration412 days
OutcomeDefault Judgment
Verdict causeInfringement Action
BasisDefault Judgment
Prior Art Intelligence
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Case data sourced from PACER / Illinois Northern District Court via PatSnap Eureka Litigation Intelligence Explore similar cases ↗
Case timeline

Filing to Default Judgment in 412 days

412 days from filing to default judgment — faster than median N.D. Illinois IP resolution

Case timeline: Complaint filed JUN 20 2024, JAN–FEB — 412 days total Horizontal timeline showing the three key events in CAO Group, Inc. v GD-Whitening from filing to resolution. Source: PACER, Illinois Northern District Court. JUN 20 2024 Complaint filed Pre-trial proceedings AUG 6 2025 Default Judgment 412 DAYS TOTAL
Default judgment

Default judgment entered: what the ruling means for both parties

Legal mechanism

Default judgment: allegations deemed admitted by non-appearance

When a defendant fails to answer or appear, the court may enter a default and subsequently a default judgment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 55. All factual allegations in the complaint are deemed admitted. Here, the court found willful infringement on all five patent counts, triggering treble damages under 35 U.S.C. § 284. This is not a merits determination in the traditional sense — the defendant simply forfeited its right to contest liability.

Rule 55 default — all counts admitted
Patent holder outcome

CAO Group secures $1.65M award and permanent marketplace injunction

CAO Group obtained the maximum available relief: treble damages totalling $1,650,000, a permanent injunction binding the defendant and all downstream marketplace operators, and authority to pursue supplemental collection proceedings. Third-party payment processors are ordered to release frozen funds within 14 days. The judgment reinforces CAO Group’s ability to use the ‘Schedule A’ enforcement model against offshore e-commerce infringers across multiple marketplace platforms simultaneously.

Full relief granted — permanent injunction
Defendant outcome

GD-Whitening faces $1.65M judgment and frozen marketplace accounts

By failing to appear, GD-Whitening forfeited all defences — including any validity or non-infringement arguments — and is now subject to a permanent injunction affecting its Amazon, eBay, and Walmart storefronts. Funds held by Amazon Pay, PayPal, Payoneer, and Walmart are frozen and ordered released to CAO Group. The willful infringement finding, while by default, may affect the defendant’s ability to operate under alternative seller aliases given the court’s supplemental proceedings authority.

Accounts frozen — funds to be released
Commercial implications

Schedule A enforcement raises stakes for marketplace teeth whitening sellers

This judgment is part of a broader CAO Group enforcement campaign (see related case 1:24-cv-01211), consistent with the N.D. Illinois’s well-established ‘Schedule A’ model for targeting multiple e-commerce infringers. For dental whitening product sellers operating on U.S. marketplaces, the case signals that CAO Group is actively monitoring cross-border sales and pursuing treble damages with payment-freezing injunctions. Sellers sourcing or reselling whitening strip products should assess exposure against CAO Group’s five-patent portfolio before listing on U.S. platforms.

Cross-border enforcement — e-commerce risk
Legal analysis based on PACER docket records for case 1:24-cv-05129 and PatSnap Eureka litigation intelligence Search PatSnap Eureka ↗
Parties and representation

Full party and counsel information

RoleNameTypeDetail
PlaintiffCAO Group, Inc.CompanyDental technology company — holder of US10603259B2 and four related whitening strip patentsSearch in Eureka ↗
DefendantGD-WhiteningIndividualChinese e-commerce seller operating whitening strip storefronts on Amazon, eBay, and WalmartSearch in Eureka ↗
Plaintiff counselBenjamin Adam CampbellAttorneyCounsel for CAO Group, Inc.Search in Eureka ↗
Plaintiff counselEdward L. BishopAttorneyCounsel for CAO Group, Inc.Search in Eureka ↗
Plaintiff counselNicholas S. LeeAttorneyCounsel for CAO Group, Inc.Search in Eureka ↗
Plaintiff counselSameeul HaqueAttorneyCounsel for CAO Group, Inc.Search in Eureka ↗
Plaintiff law firmBishop Diehl & Lee, Ltd.Law FirmRepresenting CAO Group, Inc.Search in Eureka ↗
Plaintiff law firmDickinson Wright PLLCLaw FirmRepresenting CAO Group, Inc.Search in Eureka ↗
Defendant counselDan YaoAttorneyCounsel for GD-WhiteningSearch in Eureka ↗
Defendant counselDustin Lee TaylorAttorneyCounsel for GD-WhiteningSearch in Eureka ↗
Defendant counselSamantha R. SweetAttorneyCounsel for GD-WhiteningSearch in Eureka ↗
Defendant law firmHUSCH BLACKWELL LLPLaw FirmRepresenting GD-WhiteningSearch in Eureka ↗
Defendant law firmYao Legal Group LLCLaw FirmRepresenting GD-WhiteningSearch in Eureka ↗
Presiding judgeJudge Thomas M. DurkinJudgeIllinois Northern District CourtSearch in Eureka ↗
Official verdict

Official order — verbatim text

“This action having been commenced by Plaintiff CAO Group, Inc. (“Plaintiff”) against Defendant ZHUHAI JIASHU DIANZISHANGWU YOUXIANGONGSI D/B/A GD-SSS A/K/A GD-WHITENING (“GD-WHITENING”), and Plaintiff having moved for entry of Default and Default Judgment against GD-Whitening (hereinafter, “Defaulting Defendant”); This Court having entered a preliminary injunction; Plaintiff having properly completed service of process on Defaulting Defendant, the combination of providing notice via e-mail, along with any notice that Defaulting Defendant received from online marketplaces and payment processors, being notice reasonably calculated under all circumstances to apprise Defaulting Defendant of the pendency of the action and affording them the opportunity to answer and present their objections; and Defaulting Defendant having failed to answer or appear in any way, and the time for answering having expired, so that the allegations of the Complaint are uncontroverted and are deemed admitted; This Court finds that it has personal jurisdiction over Defaulting Defendant because Case: 1:24-cv-05129 Document #: 13 Filed: 08/06/25 Page 1 of 7 PageID #:158 2 Defaulting Defendant directly targets its business activities toward consumers in the United States, including Illinois. Specifically, Plaintiff has provided a basis to conclude that Defaulting Defendant has targeted sales to Illinois residents by setting up and operating e-commerce stores that target United States consumers using one or more seller aliases, offer shipping to the United States, including Illinois, and have sold products that infringe upon Plaintiff’s federally registered patents, as claim in in U.S. Patent Nos. 10,603,259 B2 (“the ‘259 Patent”); 10,646,419 B2 (“the ‘419 Patent”); and 11,219,582 B2 (“the ‘582 Patent”); U.S. Patent No. 11,826,444, and U.S. Patent No. 11,826,445 (collectively, “Plaintiff’s Patents”) to residents of Illinois. In this case, Plaintiff has presented screenshot evidence that Defendant e-commerce store is reaching out to do business with Illinois residents by operating one or more commercial, interactive internet stores through which Illinoisresidents can and do purchase products that infringe Plaintiff’s Patents. See Schedule A and Exhibit 3 to the Verified Third Amended Complaint in Case No. 1:24-cv-01211, Docket Nos. [125-1] and [125-8], which includes links and product ID numbers for the subject storefronts and infringing products and screenshot evidence confirming that each Defendant e-commerce store does stand ready, willing and able to ship its infringing products to customers in Illinois; see also Exhibit G to the Verified Second Amended Complaint, Docket Nos. [2-7], which are claim charts outlining infringement by Defaulting Defendant. This Court further finds that Defaulting Defendant IS liable for willful patent infringement on each of the five patent infringement claims (Counts I, II, III, IV, and V) in Plaintiff’s Verified Second Amended Complaint. Accordingly, this Court orders that Plaintiff’s Motion for Entry of Default and Default Judgment is GRANTED as follows, that Defaulting Defendant is deemed in default, and that this Default Judgment is entered against Defaulting Defendant. Case: 1:24-cv-05129 Document #: 13 Filed: 08/06/25 Page 2 of 7 PageID #:159 3 This Court further orders that: 1. Defaulting Defendant, their officers, agents, servants, employees, attorneys, and all persons acting for, with, by, through, under, or in active concert with them be permanently enjoined and restrained from: a. Making, using offering for sale, selling, and/or importing into the United States for subsequent sale any products that infringe upon Plaintiff’s Patents or use of any product that infringes upon Plaintiff’s Patents in any manner in connection with the distribution, marketing, advertising, offering for sale, or sale of any product that is not a genuine Plaintiff product or not authorized by Plaintiff to be sold in connection with Plaintiff’s Patents; b. passing off, inducing, or enabling others to sell or pass off any product as a genuine Plaintiff product or any other product produced by Plaintiff, that is not Plaintiff’s or not produced under the authorization, control, or supervision of Plaintiff and approved by Plaintiff for use of the inventions claimed in Plaintiff’s Patents; c. committing any acts calculated to cause consumers to believe that Defaulting Defendant’s products are those sold under the authorization, control, or supervision of Plaintiff, or are sponsored by, approved by, or otherwise connected with Plaintiff and its rights in Plaintiff’s Patents; and d. manufacturing, shipping, delivering, holding for sale, transferring or otherwise moving, storing, distributing, returning, or otherwise disposing of, in any manner, products or inventory not manufactured by or for Plaintiff, nor authorized by Plaintiff to be sold or offered for sale, and which infringe upon the inventions claimed in Plaintiff’s Patents. Case: 1:24-cv-05129 Document #: 13 Filed: 08/06/25 Page 3 of 7 PageID #:160 4 2. Defaulting Defendant and any third party with actual notice of this Order who is providing services for the Defaulting Defendant, or in connection with the Defaulting Defendant’s Online Marketplaces, including, without limitation, any online marketplace platforms such as Amazon.com, Inc. (“Amazon”), eBay, Inc. (“eBay”), and Walmart, Inc. (“Walmart”), (collectively, the “Third Party Providers”), shall within seven (7) calendar days of receipt of this Order cease: a. using, linking to, transferring, selling, exercising control over, or otherwise owning the Online Marketplace Accounts, or any other online marketplace account that is being used to sell or is the means by which Defaulting Defendant could continue to sell goods that infringe upon Plaintiff’s Patents; and b. operating and/or hosting websites that are involved with the distribution, marketing, advertising, offering for sale, or sale of any product infringing Plaintiff’s Patents or any reproductions, copies or colorable imitations thereof that is not a genuine Plaintiff product or not authorized by Plaintiff to utilize the inventions claimed in Plaintiff’s Patents. 3. Upon Plaintiff’s request, those with notice of this Order, including the Third Party Providers as defined in Paragraph 2, shall within seven (7) calendar days after receipt of such notice, disable and cease displaying any advertisements used by or associated with Defaulting Defendant in connection with the sale of infringing goods using the inventions claimed in Plaintiff’s Patents. 4. Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 284, Plaintiff is awarded damages equal to a reasonable royalty from the Defaulting Defendant in the amount of $500,000.00. Case: 1:24-cv-05129 Document #: 13 Filed: 08/06/25 Page 4 of 7 PageID #:161 5 5. Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 284, Plaintiff is awarded expected transaction costs associated with the hypothetical negotiations and drafting of royalty and licensing agreements between it and the Defaulting Defendant listed below. Plaintiff is awarded $50,000.00 in expected transaction costs. 6. Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 284, Defaulting Defendant is subject to treble damages and Plaintiff is awarded three times the amount awarded in both paragraphs 4 and 5. 7. As a result of the damages awarded to Plaintiff in paragraphs 4 through 6 of this Order, the total awarded to the Plaintiff is $1,650,000 against Defaulting Defendant. 8. Any Third Party Providers holding funds for Defaulting Defendant, including Amazon Pay, eBay, PayPal, Inc. (“PayPal”), Payoneer Global, Inc. (“Payoneer”), and Walmart, shall, within seven (7) calendar days of receipt of this Order, permanently restrain and enjoin any accounts connected to Defaulting Defendant or the Defendant Internet Stores from transferring or disposing of any funds (up to the total damages awarded in Paragraph 4 through 7 above) or other of Defaulting Defendant’s assets. 9. All monies (up to the total damages and attorneys’ fees awarded in Paragraph 4 through 8 above) currently restrained in Defaulting Defendant’s financial accounts, including monies held by Third Party Providers such as Amazon Pay, eBay, PayPal, Payoneer, and Walmart, are hereby released to Plaintiff as partial payment of the above-identified damages, and Third Party Providers, including Amazon Pay, eBay, PayPal, Payoneer, and Walmart, are ordered to release to Plaintiff the amounts from Defaulting Defendant’s financial accounts within fourteen (14) calendar days of receipt of this Order. Case: 1:24-cv-05129 Document #: 13 Filed: 08/06/25 Page 5 of 7 PageID #:162 6 10. Until Plaintiff has recovered full payment of monies owed to it by Defaulting Defendant, Plaintiff shall have the ongoing authority to commence supplemental proceedings under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 69. 11. In the event that Plaintiff identifies any additional online marketplace accounts or financial accounts owned by Defaulting Defendant, Plaintiff may send notice of any supplemental proceeding, including a citation to discover assets, to Defaulting Defendant by e-mail at the e-mail addresses provided for Defaulting Defendant by third parties. 12. To obtain release of the bond previously posted in this action, Plaintiff’s counsel must file a motion for the return of the bond once the preliminary injunction no longer applies to any Defendant. This is a Default Judgment in Case No. 24-cv-05129.”
Source: PACER Docket, Case 1:24-cv-05129, Illinois Northern District Court

The default judgment encompasses all five patent infringement counts with a willful infringement finding, triggering mandatory treble damages under 35 U.S.C. § 284. The court’s damages calculation reflects a two-tier structure: reasonable royalty ($500,000) plus expected hypothetical licensing transaction costs ($50,000), both trebled to $1,650,000. Because the judgment is entered by default rather than on the merits, GD-Whitening’s failure to contest claim construction, validity, or non-infringement means no authoritative ruling on those questions exists — the judgment is binding on the defendant but does not preclude different outcomes in future contested proceedings involving the same patents.

PACER case 1:24-cv-05129 · Public docket record Explore in Eureka ↗
Patent at issue

US10603259B2 — Dental teeth whitening strip compositions and methods

Publication No.US10603259B2
Application No.US15/488293
Patent details
ProductDental teeth whitening strip compositions and application methods
Cited in actionJune 20, 2024

Publication No.US11826445B2
Application No.US18/049843
Patent details
ProductTeeth whitening strip formulations and methods of use
Cited in actionJune 20, 2024

Publication No.US11826444B2
Application No.US17/659473
Patent details
ProductTeeth whitening strip formulations and methods of use
Cited in actionJune 20, 2024

Publication No.US10646419B2
Application No.US15/627906
Patent details
ProductTeeth whitening strip compositions and delivery methods
Cited in actionJune 20, 2024

Publication No.US11219582B2
Application No.US16/784582
Patent details
ProductDental whitening strip methods and treatment protocols
Cited in actionJune 20, 2024

The five asserted patents — US10603259B2, US10646419B2, US11219582B2, US11826444B2, and US11826445B2 — form a layered portfolio covering dental teeth whitening strip technology. The earliest application (US15/488293, underlying the ‘259 patent) dates to 2017, with the portfolio extending through application filings as recent as 2022 (US18/049843). The patents collectively cover the compositions of whitening agents, strip formulations, and methods of applying and using whitening treatments, consistent with CAO Group’s Sheer White! product line.

CAO Group’s portfolio construction — spanning five patents across a five-year filing window — suggests a deliberate effort to maintain layered protection as whitening strip technology evolved. For competitors in the dental consumer products space, the portfolio presents a significant freedom-to-operate challenge: a design-around addressing composition claims may still be captured by method-of-use claims in later-filed patents. The enforcement campaign against GD-Whitening, coordinated with at least one parallel Schedule A case (1:24-cv-01211), indicates active monetisation of this portfolio against e-commerce channels.

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Freedom to operate

Should you run an FTO against US10603259B2 and the CAO Group whitening portfolio?

Any company manufacturing, importing, or reselling teeth whitening strip products for the U.S. market — including private-label sellers, contract manufacturers, and online marketplace vendors — should assess their exposure against all five CAO Group patents before listing or shipping products. The portfolio covers not just compositions but methods of use, meaning that even reformulated strips may infringe if the application method or treatment protocol overlaps with the claimed inventions. Given CAO Group’s active enforcement posture, the risk of being swept into a Schedule A action is material.

PatSnap Eureka’s FTO Search Agent can map your whitening strip product’s technical features against the claim sets of all five CAO Group patents simultaneously, identifying overlap and potential design-around pathways. Eureka also surfaces the broader prior art landscape, helping assess invalidity arguments should any of the five patents be asserted against you. For in-house IP teams advising product or sourcing teams, an Eureka FTO report provides the documented due diligence needed to support business decisions on U.S. marketplace entry.

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Related litigation

Similar dental technology patent cases in N.D. Illinois e-commerce enforcement

These cases involve dental and consumer health patent enforcement in the Northern District of Illinois, using Schedule A e-commerce complaint structures similar to CAO Group v. GD-Whitening.

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Strategic implications

What this case signals for the dental technology IP landscape

CAO Group’s coordinated enforcement strategy demonstrates how U.S. patent holders are using default judgments to extract maximum damages from non-appearing offshore e-commerce sellers.

Treble damages are the default outcome when defendants don’t appear

The court awarded treble damages without a separate willfulness finding on the merits — non-appearance itself supported the willful infringement finding. For patent holders pursuing offshore e-commerce infringers, this suggests that filing in N.D. Illinois with a Schedule A complaint structure, combined with preliminary injunction and asset freeze, can yield maximum statutory damages with minimal litigation cost.

Payment processor freezes are the real enforcement lever

The practical value of this judgment lies in the simultaneous freeze of funds held by Amazon Pay, eBay, PayPal, Payoneer, and Walmart. Even where offshore defendants are otherwise judgment-proof, restrained marketplace funds provide immediate partial recovery. IP teams monitoring cross-border dental product infringement should consider whether target sellers hold material U.S. marketplace balances before deciding on enforcement strategy.

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Frequently asked questions

CAO v GD-Whitening — key questions answered

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Are your whitening strip products clear of the CAO Group patent portfolio?

CAO Group is actively enforcing five patents across U.S. e-commerce channels with treble damages and payment freezes. Run a freedom-to-operate search on PatSnap Eureka now to identify claim overlap and monitor new enforcement actions before they affect your marketplace listings.

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