Digital Battery Passport Traceability — PatSnap Eureka
Digital Battery Passport Technology for End-of-Life Material Traceability
The EU Battery Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2023/1542) mandates traction battery passports encoding full lifecycle data by 2026–2027. Blockchain-anchored digital battery passports, decentralized identifiers, and field-deployable diagnostics now form the technical core enabling regulatory-compliant end-of-life material traceability.
DBP Technical Architecture
Six core components enabling EU Battery Regulation compliance
How Digital Battery Passports Enable Lifecycle Traceability
The digital battery passport concept centers on creating a persistent, tamper-resistant digital identity for each battery that accumulates data throughout its lifecycle — from raw material sourcing through manufacturing, operation, and ultimately end-of-life recycling. The World Economic Forum's systems and methods for processing battery passports establish the foundational architecture: battery-related data encompassing value chain provenance and lifecycle metrics is received, aggregated, and processed into a sustainability assessment that is embedded in the passport and accessible across all batteries carrying such credentials.
Blockchain consensus mechanisms are the dominant technical instrument for guaranteeing data integrity across the supply chain. Chinese firm Nanjing Fuchuang Intelligent Manufacturing Technology deployed patents on a blockchain-based battery digital passport system that employs a first and second attestation module to record every production-phase data point and passport information on-chain, then consolidates this via a summary module onto a public trust blockchain. The system offers both horizontal traceability — recovering all detailed data at each link in the battery passport — and vertical traceability of historical modification records. This dual-axis traceability architecture directly addresses EU Battery Regulation requirements for material origin documentation and version control.
BASF SE advanced the passport generation mechanism by introducing a data completeness metric. Their validation apparatus measures the quantity and quality of accessible data before generating or updating a passport, ensuring that only data-complete passports proceed to the next lifecycle stage. Their companion Korean filing further specifies assigning a physical identifier to a decentralized identifier (DID) to generate the passport, linking the physical battery component to its on-chain credential. This DID-based architecture is critical for EU compliance because it enables pseudonymized but auditable data sharing among regulators, recyclers, and manufacturers without centralizing sensitive supply chain information.
Root Lab's method extends the architecture by issuing the digital product passport as an NFT on a public blockchain, expanding the unique battery identifier into a decentralized identifier and verifiable credential (VC) pair. This NFT-encoded DPP enables safe and automated processing of the entire battery lifecycle — from registration, tracking, authentication, ownership transfer, and disposal — and critically supports the EU Battery Regulation's requirement for accessible, publicly queryable battery data. Learn more about patent landscape analysis for battery technologies on the PatSnap platform.
Innovation Landscape: Key Assignees and Filing Trends
Patent and literature data surveyed reveals a rapidly expanding innovation ecosystem spanning approximately 20 directly relevant technical sources across the EU, US, South Korea, China, India, and international PCT filings.
Key Assignees in DBP Patent Landscape
Most patent-prolific assignees specifically in blockchain DBP and lifecycle traceability work, by number of active filings.
DBP Innovation Timeline by Technical Focus
Clear progression from basic blockchain attestation (2019–2021) through carbon integration (2022–2024) to compliance schema enforcement (2025–2026).
Recycling Pathway Allocation and Material Recovery
The end-of-life phase represents the most technically demanding segment for passport-enabled traceability, requiring accurate state-of-health (SoH) assessment to allocate batteries between second-life applications and material recovery recycling.
Field-Deployable Impedance Spectroscopy for EoL Allocation
A system filed by Amartya Krishnaditya (IN, 2026) deploys an active diagnostic hardware unit that injects composite multi-frequency excitation waveforms with simultaneous thermal stabilization to acquire high-fidelity broadband impedance spectra under real dismantling-yard conditions. A physics-constrained degradation modeling unit running on an edge processor enforces fixed electrochemical governing equations within a cell-graph architecture to produce uncertainty-bounded health predictions. A hierarchical allocation unit derives a safety-risk index from impedance morphology and selects the optimal second-life or recycling pathway — the cryptographic output is directly linkable to the battery's digital passport.
Regulators can verify EoL routing on defensible technical groundsSoH History Fingerprinting via CC-CV Cycle Decomposition
The Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) contributed a complementary mechanism at the cell level. Their US 2025 patent generates the passport as a computer file containing incidence values representing the history of state-of-health over the cell's service life. For each CV phase across a series of CC-CV charging cycles, the method collects floating current signals, derives them, decomposes the derivative into empirical modes, and determines an incidence value for that cycle. The resulting health history timeline embedded in the passport is precisely the type of structured, quantitative lifecycle record that recycling operators need to determine residual material value and that EU authorities need to verify compliance with minimum recycled content requirements.
Structured SoH fingerprint for residual material valuationBlockchain-Networked Recycling Coordination Platform
Wuhan University's study demonstrated a blockchain-networked platform connecting manufacturers, dealers, users, charging stations, and recycling centers. The battery's built-in BMS and wireless communication terminal feed real-time performance parameters; when recycling thresholds are met, the battery is automatically dispatched to a waste treatment center using alkaline precipitation processing. This early architecture prefigured the now-mandatory EU passport requirement by showing that blockchain-mediated traceability could coordinate multi-actor recycling logistics.
Prefigured EU passport mandate by 7 yearsDigital Identity with Operational Data for Downstream Actors
Stellantis Europe's WO 2024 patent operationalizes lifecycle management by generating a digital identity with a unique identification code for each battery element on a digital platform. As the battery accumulates operational data — maintenance events, recharge event data, state of health — these are associated with the digital identity, forming "offer data" that downstream actors such as second-life operators or recyclers can query when the battery approaches end of first life. This directly satisfies the EU Battery Regulation's Article 77 requirement for a battery passport linked to a unique identifier containing data on SoH, capacity fade, and maintenance history.
Directly satisfies EU Battery Regulation Article 77Automated Carbon Tracking Within the Passport Framework
The EU Battery Regulation mandates carbon footprint declarations for industrial and EV batteries from 2024, with performance thresholds phased in from 2027. Several patent families directly address automated carbon footprint calculation within the passport framework.
China Automotive Information Technology (CN, 2026)
Constructs a full-lifecycle data system that binds multi-source supplier data to a unique battery identifier via blockchain consensus. A digital twin engine built on electrochemical and thermal runaway models predicts operating conditions. Carbon footprint data and compliance certification information are incorporated into the passport template alongside lifecycle state data, with versioned updates published on-chain — architecturally aligned with the EU Battery Regulation's requirement for continuously updated passport data.
Nihon Sogo Kenkyusho (CN, 2023)
Computes lifecycle CO₂ from manufacturing through operation, updating lifecycle carbon emission values as battery usage history accumulates. The system applies for eco-certification through a battery authentication server that evaluates lifecycle carbon scores, prefiguring the EU Battery Regulation's "green label" concept for batteries meeting performance thresholds.
Leading Assignees in Digital Battery Passport IP
The patent landscape reveals a geographically distributed but technically convergent innovation ecosystem. European OEM and institutional IP activity is accelerating, with compliance-oriented filings directly aligned with Battery Regulation passport mandates.
| Assignee | Jurisdiction | Core Contribution | Filing Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| World Economic Forum | US / WO | Battery passport processing system with sustainability scoring and value chain data aggregation | 2023 |
| BASF SE | WO / KR | Data completeness validation system and DID-linked battery passport device | 2024–2025 |
| Bull SAS | EP | Multi-manufacturer architecture tracing raw material origins and ensuring environmental compliance — most EU-compliance-explicit patent in dataset | 2025 |
| Nanjing Fuchuang | CN | Blockchain DBP system with dual-axis traceability (horizontal supply chain + vertical historical revisions) | 2024 |
| Stellantis Europe / FCA Italy | WO / IT | European OEM lifecycle management methods with proprietary digital identity platforms aligned to EU Battery Regulation obligations | 2024–2025 |
Track Competitor DBP Patent Activity in Real Time
Monitor new filings from BASF, Stellantis, Bull SAS, and emerging Asian players with PatSnap Eureka alerts
From Raw Material to Recycling: DBP Data Journey
The digital battery passport accumulates data at every stage. Understanding this flow is critical for designing systems compliant with environmental regulatory frameworks and the EU Battery Regulation's Article 77 requirements.
Multi-Actor Data Divergence Remains a Structural Challenge
The AVL List GmbH study (2023) surveyed value chain actors through focus group workshops and expert interviews on 54 data points across four information categories. The study found diverging perspectives on data needs and availability attributable to different actors' roles — a finding that has direct implications for passport schema design and the selective disclosure mechanisms required to balance commercial confidentiality with regulatory transparency. Learn how PatSnap supports life sciences and materials R&D teams navigating complex regulatory data landscapes.
Compliance Architecture: Component Distribution and Jurisdictional Spread
Patent data from approximately 20 directly relevant sources reveals how technical components map to compliance requirements and how innovation is distributed geographically.
Patent Filing Jurisdictions in DBP Landscape
Innovation spans EU, US, South Korea, China, India, and international PCT filings — reflecting global regulatory anticipation.
DBP Technical Capability Depth by Era
Relative technical sophistication of patent filings across three innovation eras, from basic attestation to full regulatory schema enforcement.
Digital Battery Passport Technology — key questions answered
A digital battery passport is a persistent, tamper-resistant digital identity for each battery that accumulates data throughout its lifecycle — from raw material sourcing through manufacturing, operation, and ultimately end-of-life recycling. The EU Battery Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2023/1542) mandates that traction batteries carry a battery passport encoding lifecycle data by 2026–2027.
Blockchain consensus mechanisms are the dominant technical instrument for guaranteeing data integrity across the supply chain. Systems such as those patented by Nanjing Fuchuang employ a first and second attestation module to record every production-phase data point and passport information on-chain, then consolidate this via a summary module onto a public trust blockchain. The system offers both horizontal traceability — recovering all detailed data at each link in the battery passport — and vertical traceability of historical modification records.
DID-based architecture is critical for EU compliance because it enables pseudonymized but auditable data sharing among regulators, recyclers, and manufacturers without centralizing sensitive supply chain information. BASF SE's battery passport device assigns a physical identifier to a decentralized identifier (DID) to generate the passport, linking the physical battery component to its on-chain credential.
The EU Battery Regulation mandates carbon footprint declarations for industrial and EV batteries from 2024, with performance thresholds phased in from 2027. Several patent families address automated carbon footprint calculation within the passport framework, including China Automotive Information Technology's power battery passport management method (CN, 2026), which incorporates carbon footprint data and compliance certification information into the passport template alongside lifecycle state data, with versioned updates published on-chain.
Field-deployable diagnostics systems inject composite multi-frequency excitation waveforms with simultaneous thermal stabilization to acquire high-fidelity broadband impedance spectra under real dismantling-yard conditions. A hierarchical allocation unit derives a safety-risk index from impedance morphology and selects the optimal second-life or recycling pathway — the cryptographic output of this allocation is directly linkable to the battery's digital passport, enabling regulators to verify that end-of-life routing decisions were made on defensible technical grounds.
The AVL List GmbH study (2023) surveyed value chain actors through focus group workshops and expert interviews on 54 data points across four information categories. The study found diverging perspectives on data needs and availability attributable to different actors' roles — a finding that has direct implications for passport schema design and the selective disclosure mechanisms required to balance commercial confidentiality with regulatory transparency.
Still have questions? Let PatSnap Eureka answer them for you.
Ask PatSnap Eureka About Battery Passport IPAccelerate Your EU Battery Regulation Compliance Strategy
Join 18,000+ innovators already using PatSnap Eureka to accelerate their R&D. Explore the full digital battery passport patent landscape across all jurisdictions — from blockchain architectures to carbon footprint integration.
References
- System and method for processing a battery passport — World Economic Forum, 2023
- System and method for processing a battery passport (WO) — World Economic Forum, 2023
- Method and System for managing batteries using Blockchain-based Digital Product Passports — Root Lab Co., Ltd., 2026
- Blockchain-based battery digital passport system — Nanjing Fuchuang Intelligent Manufacturing Technology Co., Ltd., 2024
- 一种基于区块链的电池数字护照系统 — Nanjing Fuchuang Intelligent Manufacturing Technology Co., Ltd., 2024
- Systems and methods for validating and generating battery passports — BASF SE, 2025
- Battery passport — BASF SE, 2024
- Management system for managing digital battery passports — Bull SAS, 2025
- Field-deployable battery lifecycle intelligence system and method for post-vehicle-life management — Amartya Krishnaditya, 2026
- Method and device for generating a digital passport of a lithium-ion battery cell — CEA, 2025
- Method and system for life cycle management of a battery element used in an electric vehicle — Stellantis Europe S.P.A., 2024
- Procedure and system for managing the life cycle of a battery element used in an electric vehicle — FCA Italy S.P.A., 2025
- Power battery passport management method — China Automotive Information Technology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., 2026
- Battery information management method — Shenzhen Point-Chain Technology Co., Ltd., 2023
- Battery LCA management system based on blockchain — Lee Dong-wook, 2025
- Information processing method for battery lifecycle CO₂ tracking — Nihon Sogo Kenkyusho, 2023
- A method for traceability of each of rechargeable battery — TVS Motor Company Limited, 2024
- Data requirements and availabilities for a digital battery passport – A value chain actor perspective — AVL List GmbH, 2023
- Evaluation and recovery of power batteries based on trusted blockchain traceability — School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, 2019
- Traceability Management Strategy of the EV Power Battery Based on the Blockchain — School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Polytechnic University, 2021
- Bridging Tools to Better Understand Environmental Performances and Raw Materials Supply of Traction Batteries in the Future EU Fleet — European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2020
- EU Battery Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2023/1542) — Official Journal of the European Union
- World Economic Forum — Battery Passport Initiative
- AVL List GmbH — Battery Technology Research
All data and statistics on this page are sourced from the references above and from PatSnap's proprietary innovation intelligence platform.
PatSnap Eureka searches patents and research to answer instantly.